PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION

62-53-3

H.S. CODE

CLASSIFICATION

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF AMINE

Many amines are not only bases but also nucleophiles that form a variety of electrophile compounds. They are important intermediates for chemical syntheses due to the basic functionality of the nitrogen atom and electrophilic substitution at nitrogen. Some examples of compounds obtained by reaction of amines are:

• Amides (by reaction with acyl halides or ammonium carboxylate salts)
• N-Alkyl amines (by reaction with halogenoalkanes)
• Isocyanates (by reaction with phosgene)
• Carbamoyl chlorides or Urea derivatives (by reaction with phosgene)
• Alkoxylated amines (by reaction alkylene oxide)
• Quaternary ammonium compounds (by reaction with alkyl halides and dialkyl sulfates)
• N-Alkylcarbamic acids or N,N'- Dialkyl ureas (by reaction  with carbon dioxide)
• Urea derivatives (by reaction with isocyanates)
• Schiff bases (by reaction with aldehydes or ketones)
• Aminopropionitriles (by reaction of 1° and 2° amines with acrylonitrile)
• N-Alkylamino acids (by reaction of 1° and 2° amines with monochloroacetic acid or with unsaturated acids)
• Amine oxides (by reaction of 3° amines with hydrogen peroxide)
• Sulfonamide derivatives (by reaction of 1° and 2° amines with benzenesulfonyl chloride)

Low molecular amine names are formed by adding '-amine' as a suffix to the name of the parent compound. In substitutive nomenclature, the prefix 'amino-' is placed before the name of the parent compound to denote the functional group in high molecular amines. Synthetic amines are made mostly by reaction of alcohols with ammonia, catalyzed by metals( nickel or copper) or metal oxide at high temperature. Many methods have been devised for the synthesis of the amines; reacting ammonia with an alkyl halide and neutralizing the resulting alkyl ammonium salt with an alkali, e.g., sodium hydroxide. This procedure yields a mixture of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines that is easily separated into its three components by fractional distillation; boiling methyl isocyanate with caustic potash, heating the alkyl iodides with ammonia; reduction of nitriles with alcohol and sodium; heating the esters of nitric acid with alcoholic ammonia; reducing on nitro-paraffms;  action of zinc and hydrochloric acid on aldehyde ammonias; reduction of the phenylhydrazones and oximes of aldehydes and ketones with sodium amalgam in the presence of alcohol and sodium acetate; action of dilute hydrochloric acid on the isonitriles; heating the mustard oils with a mineral acid, by the hydrolysis of the alkyl phthalimides.

Primary amines contain the functional group -NH₂ (called amino group) and are converted into secondary and tertiary amines if heated with alkyl or aryl iodides. Primary amines form various oxidation products violently with concentrated nitric acid. If the amines are acetylated, they form nitro derivatives with concentrated nitric acid. Primary amines form diazonium salts with nitrous acid in cold solution in the presence of excess of mineral acid. Or a diazoamine is obtained in absence of excess of acid. Other reactions are condensation products with aldehydes; forming anilides; forming alkyl thioureas; yielding  isonitriles with alcoholic potash and chloroform. Tertiary amines combine with one molecular proportion of an alkyl iodide to form quaternary ammonium salts in which a central nitrogen atom is joined to four organic radicals and one acid radical. Quaternary ammonium salts are used as corrosion inhibitor, emulsifying and antiseptic agents. Aliphatic amines which have the lowest carbon content are water-soluble gases or liquids of low boiling point also readily soluble in water in case of the next low carbon content. But aliphatic amines which have the high carbon content are odourless solids of high boiling point and are insoluble in water. They are all bases and easily form salts with the mineral acids and solid salts with the halogenoalkanes. Amine Salts are crystalline substances that are readily soluble in water. Many insoluble alkaloids (e.g. quinine and atropine) are used medicinally in the form of soluble salts. If alkali (sodium hydroxide) is added to solutions of such salts the free amine is liberated. Short chain alkyl amines are used as raw materials of solvent, alkyl alkanolamines, and ingredients of rocket fuels. They are used to make other organic chemicals including rubber vulacanization accelerators, pesticides, quaternary ammonium compounds, photographic chemicals,  corrosion inhibitors, explosives, dyes and pharmaceuticals. They are used in rayon and nylon industry to improve the tensile strength.

Allylamines are used as intermediates for ion exchange resins, pharmaceuticals, water soluble polymers, herbicide softeners, rubber chemicals, polymerization initiators and cross-linking agents. Amines are used as reducing agents for the recovery of precious metals. They are versatile intermediates. They have active applications in organic synthesis for polymerization catalyst, chain extender in urethane coatings, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, photographic, heat stabilizers, polymerization catalysts, flame-retardants, blowing agents for plastics, explosives, and colorants. Long chain alkyl amines are used for the synthesis of organic chemicals and surfactants used as a corrosion inhibitor, detergent, ore floating agent, fabric softener, anti-static agent, germicide, insecticide, emulsifier, dispersant, anti-caking agent, lubricant and water treatment agent. Alkyl tertiary Amines are used as fuel additives and preservatives. They have similar applications with long chain alkyl amines. Hexamethylenediamine used in the manufacture of nylon-6,6 is prepared by catalytic addition of hydrogen to nitriles.

Aromatic amines also exist, such as phenylamine and benzylamine, which are important for the production of diazonium salts. They dissociate in water (some very weakly). Aromatic amines are much weaker bases than the aliphatics. The term benzyl describes the radical, ion or functional group C₆H₅CH₂-, derived by removing hydrogen atom from methyl group in toluene, while phenyl is the term for the monovalent radical C₆H₅-, derived by removal of hydrogen from benzene. The common name of phenylamine is aniline. Benzylamine is called aminotoluene or benzenemethanamine in methane nomenclature system. Benzylamine functions in the way as primary aliphatic amines. Benzylamine is a clear liquid boiling at 185 C. It functions in the same way as primary aliphatic amines. Benzylamine and its derivatives are used as chemical intermediate for the manufacture of dyestuffs, pigments, optical brighteners, textile auxiliaries, agrochemicals, amino acids and other organic compounds. 

One of the most important aromatic amines is aniline, a primary aromatic amine replacing one hydrogen atom of a benzene molecule with an amino group. It is a pale brown liquid at room temperature; boiling at 184 C, melting at -6 C; slightly soluble in water and freely soluble in ether and alcohol. It causes serious industrial poisoning.  The substance may have effects on the blood, resulting in formation of methaemoglobin. Repeated or prolonged exposures may be carcinogenic. Commercial aniline is obtained from nitrobenzene which is prepared from benzene with nitric acid by electrophilic substitution reaction or from chlorobenzene by heating  with ammonia in the presence of copper catalyst. It is also obtained as a by-product of coal tar. In commerce the term of aniline oil blue refers to the pure one while aniline oil red indicates a mixture of aniline and toluidines with equimolecular weights.

Considerable quantity of aniline is converted into 4,4กฏ-methylenedianiline (MDA) by the condensation reaction of formaldehyde with aniline in the presence of hydrochloric acid. MDA is is used as an epoxy curing agent, a corrosion inhibitor and molded plastics, and as an intermediate to prepare organic compounds used for polyurethane, spandex fibers, azo dyes, isocyanates and poly(amide-imide) resins. Other important aromatic amine compound as the starting material to produce polyurethane foam production is toluenediamine (TDA). TDA is the mixture of 2,4-diaminotoluene and 2,6-diaminotoluene, usually in a ratio of 80:20. Most of TDA is used in the manufacture of toluene diisocyanate (TDI), which is the predominant diisocyanate in the flexible foams and elastomers industries. TDI reacts with an alcohol to form urethane linkages. Other applications of TDA include to produce dyes, polyamides, antioxidants, hydraulic fluids, and fungicide stabilizers. Aniline is a starting moiety to prepare plant protecting agents. Examples include fenuron (CAS RN: 101-42-8), propham (CAS RN: 122-42-9), siduron (CAS RN: 1982-49-6), carboxin (CAS RN: 5234-68-4), fenfuram (CAS RN: 24691-80-3) and propachlor (CAS RN: 1918-16-7). Aniline is processed to produce a series of compounds being used in the rubber industry, e.g. diphenylguanidines, phenylenediamines mercaptobenzothiazoles, aniline ketones and etc. There are three isomers of phenylenediamine: ortho-, meta-, and para-phenylenediamine. They are low toxic diamines used as components of plastic composites and engineering polymers. They are used to produce aramid fibers, dyes including hair dyes, rubber chemicals (vulcanization accelerators and antioxidants), and pigments.

Aniline is the starting material in the dye manufacturing industry. It forms aniline colors when combined with other substances, particularly chlorine or chlorates. Aromatic amines are weaker bases reacting with strong acids to form amides. Anilide is an amide derived from aniline by substitution of an acyl group for the hydrogen of NH₂.  Acetanilide is from acetic acid and aniline. Acetanilide is an odourless, white flake solid or crystalline powder (pure form); soluble in hot water alcohol, ether, chloroform, acetone, glycerol, and benzene;; melting point 114 C and boiling point 304 C; can undergo self-ignite at 545 C, but is otherwise stable under most conditions. Acetanilide which can be obtained by acetylation of aniline undergoes nitration at low temperature and yields highly the para-nitro products. Acetyl group can then be removed by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis to yield para-nitroaniline. Although the activating affection of the amino group can be reduced, the acetyl derivative remains an ortho/para-orientation and activating substituent. Aniline is converted into sulfanilic acid which is the parent compound of the sulfa drugs. Aniline is also important in the manufacture of rubber-processing chemicals, explosives, plastics, antioxidants and varnishes. Amines take part in many kinds of chemical reactions and offer many industrial applications.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MELTING POINT

-6 C

AUTOIGNITION

NFPA RATINGS

REFRACTIVE INDEX

APPLICATIONS

APPEARANCE

Clear to light yellow, oily liquid

99.6% min

NITROBENZENE

0.002% max

MOISTURE

0.1% max

FREEZING POINT

-6.2 C

TRANSPORTATION

1547