ADENINE

PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION
CAS NO. 73-24-5 (Base), 2922-28-3 (HCl), 321-30-2 (Sulfate)

ADENINE
EINECS NO. 200-796-1
FORMULA C5H5N5
MOL WT. 135.13

H.S. CODE

 2933.59

TOXICITY

 Oral rat LD50: 227 mg/kg
SYNONYMS Vitamin B4; 6-Aminopurine;
1H-Purin-6-amine; Ade; Adenin; Adeninimine; 1,6-Dihydro-6-iminopurine; 3,6-Dihydro-6-iminopurine; 6-Amino-1H-purine; 6-Amino-3H-purine; 6-Amino-9H-purine; 6-Amino-7H-purine; 1,6-Dihydro-6-imino-9H-purine; 9H-Purin-6-yl-amin; 9H-Purine-6-amine; UNII:JAC85A2161; Other RN: 520-75-2; 22051-90-7; 42911-33-1; 42911-34-2; 66224-65-5
SMILES c12c(nc[nH]c1N)ncn2

CLASSIFICATION

 Ribose, Vitamin

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

PHYSICAL STATE white to off-white crystalline powder
MELTING POINT 360 - 365 C
BOILING POINT  
SPECIFIC GRAVITY  
SOLUBILITY IN WATER slightly soluble (1030 mg/l at 25 C)

SOLVENT SOLUBILITY

 Soluble in acids and alkalies. Slightly soluble in ethanol. Insoluble in chloroform and ether
VAPOR DENSITY

 
pKa 4.15 (Dissociation Constant at 20 C)
log Pow -0.09 (Octanol-water)
VAPOR PRESSURE 8.38E-07 (mmHg at 25 C)
HENRY'S LAW 7.02E-14 (atm-m3/mole at 25 C)
OH RATE 2.00E-10 (cm3/molecule-sec at 25 C Atmospheric)

AUTOIGNITION

 

NFPA RATINGS

  

REFRACTIVE INDEX

 
FLASH POINT  
STABILITY

Stable under ordinary conditions

GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATIONS
Ribose is a pentose (five-carbon sugar) that is a component of the ribonucleic acid (RNA), where it alternates with phosphate groups to form the 'back-bone' of the RNA polymer and binds to nitrogenous bases. Ribose phosphates are components of the nucleotide coenzymes and are utilized by microorganisms in the synthesis of the amino acid histidine. Its close relative, deoxyribose, is a constituent of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), where it alternates with phosphate groups to form the 'back-bone' of the DNA polymer and binds to nitrogenous bases. The presence of deoxyribose instead of ribose is one difference between DNA and RNA. Ribose has one more oxygen atom in its molecule than deoxyribose. Ribose has a five member ring composed of four carbon atoms and one oxygen. Hydroxyl groups are attached to three of the carbons. The other carbon and a hydroxyl group are attached to one of the carbon atoms adjacent to the oxygen. In deoxyribose, the carbon furthest from the attached carbon is stripped of the oxygen atom in what would be a hydroxyl group in ribose. The sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) molecules in the nucleic acid are all oriented in the same direction. Their carbon atoms are numbered: the 5' carbon atom is always on the side of the sugar molecule that faces the leading end, while the 3' carbon atom always faces the tail end. Nucleotide is the structural unit of a nucleic acid. A nucleotide consists of either a nitrogenous heterocyclic base (purine or pyrimidine) , a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and a phosphate group attached at the 5' position on the sugar. A nucleoside consists of only a pentose sugar linked to a purine or pyrimidine base, without a phosphate group. Purine bases are Adenine, Guanine and Hypoxanthine (examples of purine nucleosides are Adenosine, 2'-Deoxyadenosine, Guanosine, 2'-Deoxyguanosine, Inosine, 2'-Deoxyinosine). Pyrimidine bases are Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil (examples of pyrimidine nucleosides are Cytidine, 2'-Deoxyguanosine, 5-Methyluridine, 2'-Deoxy-5-Methyluridine, Uridine, 2'-Deoxyuridine). The nucleoside derivatives are involved in important functions in cellular metabolism and are used to synthesize enzyme inhibitors, antiviral agents, and anticancer agents.
Adenosine : a purine nucleoside composed of adenine linked by its N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of ribose. It is a component of ribonucleic acid and its nucleotides (AMP., ADP, ATP, cAMP) play important roles in biochemical processes such as synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, photosynthesis, muscle contraction and intracellular signal transduction (cAMP). AMP., ADP, ATP are three interconvertible compounds in which adenosine is attached through its ribose group to one (monophosphate), two (diphosphate), and three (triphosphate) phosphoric acid molecules.
  • Adenine: a pyrimidine base
  • Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) : a nucleotide composed of adenine, the sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups; involved in energy metabolism and required for RNA synthesis. It exists in cells in a form of high-energy phosphate bond to store and transport chemical energy. The pyrophosphate nature of the bonds between ATP's three phosphate radicals results in a powerful donor of phosphate groups to suitable acceptors. When it is broken down by hydrolysis, it yields ADP (adenosine diphosphate), inorganic phosphorus, and energy. The free energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP is used to drive metabolic reactions including the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, to move molecules against concentration gradients (active transport), and to produce mechanical motion (contraction of microfibrils and microtubules). ADP can be further broken down to yield adenosine monophosphate (AMP), additional phosphorus, and more energy. When the phosphorus and energy are immediately used to drive other reactions, such as the synthesis of UDP (uridine diphosphate), an RNA precursor, from UMP (uridine monophosphate), the pair of reactions are said to be coupled. New ATP is produced from AMP using the energy released from the breakdown of fuel molecules, such as fat and glucose which is broken down into pyruvate in the cytosol. Two molecules of ATP are generated for each molecule of glucose. ADT can be converted back to ATP by the processes of oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation.
  • Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) : a nucleotide composed of pyrophosphate of adenosine, involved in energy metabolism; it is produced by hydrolysis of ATP and converted back to ATP by the processes of oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation.
  • Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP, Adenylic acid.) : a nucleotide, 5'-phosphate of adenosine, produced by the hydrolysis of ATP and converted to ADP by adenylate kinase. Involved in the reactions of intracellular energy transfers.
  • Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) : cyclic AMP containing an additional ester linkage between the phosphate and ribose units; serves as an intracellular and, in some cases, extracellular secondary messenger mediating the action of many peptide or amine hormones. It also plays a role in the transcription of some genes.
  • Deoxyadenosine (dA) : a purine nucleoside composed of adenine linked by its N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of deoxyribose. (deoxy-, also called desoxy, is a prefix for the designation of compounds which contain one less atom of oxygen than the reference substance).
  • Deoxyadenosine diphosphate (dADP) : a nucleotide, 5'-pyrophosphate of deoxyadenosine.
  • Deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP) : a nucleotide, 5'-phosphate of deoxyadenosine, occurring in deoxyribonucleic acid.
  • Deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP): a nucleotide, the 5'-triphosphate of deoxyadenosine; activated precursor in DNA synthesis.

Chemically modified nucleotides substituted or attached by special chemical groups or elements are studied and used to inactivate the normal biological operation in the living organism and the function of important enzymes.

Wikipedia Linking: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenine

http://www.chem.duke.edu/
Adenine is a purine. Purines are six-membered rings attached to five membered rings. When Adenine is attached to DNA, it forms a bond with another molecule called Thymine, a pyrimidine, on the other side of the DNA strand. It is these bonds which give DNA its double-helix structure. The sequence of DNA, or the order in which nucleotides are placed, allows for the diversity among all living organisms. The importance of Adenine to RNA is similar to that of DNA. Besides DNA and RNA, Adenine is also an important part of adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. Adenosine triphosphate is the nitrogenous base adenine bonded to a five carbon sugar. This molecule is important because it has the ability to phosphorylize, or add a phosphate group to, other molecules. This transfer of a phosphate group allows energy to be released. It is this energy which is used by cells in living organisms. This is why the molecules ATP, and its nitrogenous base Adenine, are so important.

http://www.encyclo.co.uk/
Look up: Adenine

http://nationaldiagnostics.com/
Biological Macromolecules
SALES SPECIFICATION

ADENINE BASE

APPEARANCE

 white to off-white crystalline powder

ASSAY

 99.0% min

HEAVY METALS

10ppm max

RESIDUE ON IGNITION

0.1% max
LOSS ON DRYING

0.5% max

ADENINE HCl

APPEARANCE

 white to off-white crystalline powder

ASSAY

 99.0% min

HEAVY METALS

10ppm max

RESIDUE ON IGNITION

0.1% max
LOSS ON DRYING

5.0% max

ADENINE SULFATE

APPEARANCE

 white to off-white crystalline powder

ASSAY

 99.0% min

HEAVY METALS

10ppm max

RESIDUE ON IGNITION

0.1% max
LOSS ON DRYING

9.0% max
TRANSPORTATION
PACKING
 
HAZARD CLASS Not regulated
UN NO.  
SAFETY INFORMATION
Hazard Symbols: XI, Risk Phrases: 22, Safety Phrases: 22-26-36
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PURINE
Purine is a heterocyclic compound featured by a fused pyrimidine and imidazole rings composed of carbon and nitrogen atoms. The simplest one is purine itself and the two major purines are adenine(6-Aminopurine) and guanine(2-Amino-6-hydroxypurine) which are two bases components of nucleic acid and the nucleotides. Purine itself is not found in nature, but as substituted purines such as methyled, hydroxyl and amino substituted. In addition to adenine and guanine, a group of chemical compounds called purine base include hypoxanthine (6-oxypurine), xanthine (2,6-dioxypurine), uric acid (2,6,8-trioxypurine), and theobromine (3,7-dimethyl xanthine). Theophylline and caffeine are a member of methylated purine family. Purines are biologically important in In medicine and biological research.